Dysmenorrhea – painful menstrual cycles
Monthly menstrual periods are a normal part of a woman’s life, and it is normal to feel minor discomfort before and during menstruation.
Dysmenorrhoea – Menstrual cramps are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen and is characterized by moderate to severe pain during menstruation.
Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods.
For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month.
The uterus, the muscular organ where a baby grows, contracts throughout your menstrual cycle. During menstruation, the uterus contracts more strongly. If the uterus contracts too strongly, it can press against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to muscle tissue.
Dysmenorrhea types and possible causes:
- Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common cause of menstrual discomfort and is mainly due to increased activity of the hormone prostaglandin, which is produced in the uterus.
- Secondary dysmenorrhea occurs due to other problems in the uterus or pelvic organs, such as endometriosis, fibroids, IUD, PID – pelvic inflammatory disease, PMS – premenstrual syndrome, sexually transmitted infection, stress, and anxiety etc.
- Endometriosis: The tissue that lines your uterus becomes implanted outside your uterus, most commonly on the fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis.
- Uterine fibroids – Noncancerous, benign growths (tumours) in the wall of the uterus can cause pain.
- Adenomyosis. The tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus.
- PID’s – Pelvic inflammatory disease of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria.
- Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.
- PCOS – Ovarian cysts
- Higher levels of prostaglandins (hormones-like substances) are associated with more-severe menstrual cramps
- Polyps in the pelvic cavity
- Frequent urinary tract and vaginal infections
Other associated risk factors, if
- More common in young women in their teens and twenties than in older women.
- You started puberty early, at age 11 or younger
- Menorrhagia – bleed heavily during periods
- Metrorrhagia – irregular menstrual bleeding
- Abnormal pregnancy such as a miscarriage
- Being overweight
- Women who have never been pregnant
- A family history of menstrual cramps
- Smoking and excess intake of caffeine
- Stress and intense emotions, especially anger, frustration, and hatred etc.
- Lack of exercise
- Cold conditions affecting the uterus
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Further Complications
- They can interfere with school, work and social activities.
- Endometriosis can cause fertility problems.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease can scar your fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of a fertilized egg implanting outside of your uterus (ectopic pregnancy).
Common signs & symptoms:
- Throbbing or cramping pain in lower abdomen that can be intense and may radiate to your lower back and thighs
- Irregular and Painful periods
- Heavy menstrual flowwith or without clots
- Fainting, headaches and dizziness
- Constipation or diarrhoea
- Frequent urination
- Mood changesincluding anxiety or depression.
- Increased pain during bowel movements or urination
- Spotting and bleeding between cycles
- Painful digestion
- Nausea & bloating
- Fatigue and tiredness
- A rash that looks like a sunburn.
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