Pulmonary edema is an increase in the fluid contents of the extra vascular tissues of the lung or too much fluid accumulation in the lungs.
The condition can be acute (sudden) or chronic.
A sudden pulmonary edema can be life-threatening in few hours and requires immediate emergency help!
Lungs contain many small, elastic air sacs called alveoli. With each breath, these air sacs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, typically without any problems, but sometimes these alveoli fill in with fluid instead of air.
In high-altitude pulmonary edema, the blood vessels in the lungs constrict or squeeze together, increasing pressure. This causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels to the lung tissues and eventually into the air sacs.
Common Signs & Symptoms
- Sudden onset of complaints
- Feeling of oppression in the chest
- Acute and distressing, laboured breathing
- Extreme shortness of breath, a feeling of suffocating or drowning – while lying flat
- Continuous short cough and sometimes copious frothy, pink blood-tinged fluid from the mouth and nose.
- The moist or increased rattling sounds that are audible at a distance.
- Excessive Sweats – cold, clammy skin
- Feeble pulse
- Fall of temperature
- A rapid, irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- Anxiety, restlessness
- A feeling that something bad is about to happen
- Wheezing or gasping for breath
- Fatigue or weakness
- Headache and confusion
- Rapid weight gain
- Swelling in the legs, feet and abdominal region
- Congestion and swelling of the liver
- Chest pain
- A blue or gray color to the skin
- A big drop in blood pressure that causes light-headedness or dizziness
Possible causes and Risk factors
Collection of fluids in the lungs could be for many reasons, mainly including:
- Heart problems
- High blood pressure due to narrowed kidney arteries (stenosis) or fluid buildup due to kidney disease
- Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
- Thyroid disease and a buildup of iron (hemochromatosis) or protein (amyloidosis)
- Contact with certain toxins
- Use of certain medications – drugs reaction or drug overdose
- Smoke or toxins inhalation from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries.
- Trauma to the chest wall
- Transfusion-related lung injury.
- Nervous system conditions or after surgeries.
- Traveling to or exercising at high elevations.
- Living at high altitudes.
- Fluid overload (over hydration)
- Neurogenic – Fracture skull
- Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
- Near drowning or Inhaling water
- A stroke or any sudden shock or attack e.g. An epileptic fit
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Infections- Viral or endotoxins from gram-negative septicaemia, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
- Certain metallic salts
- Reflux of gastric acid
- Buildup of fluid in the membranes that surround the lungs (pleural effusion)
- Drug-induced – IV narcotic (like heroine) abuse
- Poisoning e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, organophosphorus
- Hypersensitive response – may be due to fluid overload
- Angioedema – an allergic condition producing transient or persistent swelling of areas of skin with severe itching
- SLE – Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sleep apnea
DO’S AND DONT’S – Prevention
- Physical and mental rest is necessary
- Fluid intake should be monitored to prevent over hydration
- Frequent, small, bland, low caloric feeds are preferred at the onset
- Avoid smoking or alcohol intake
- Restrict salt intake
- Take adequate sleep
- Avoid intake of cytotoxic and narcotic drugs
- Avoid being in polluted places to prevent inhalation of noxious fumes and gases
- Eat a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy, and a variety of proteins.
- Get regular exercise.
- Manage stress & weight if obese!
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