The pericardium is a fibrous pouch that encloses the heart and great vessels. It keeps the heart in a stable location, facilitates its movements, and separates it from the lungs and other mediastinal structures. It also supports physiological cardiac function.
It is made up of two main layers: a tough external layer known as the fibrous pericardium, and a thin, internal layer known as the serous pericardium. The space between these layers typically contains a thin layer of fluid.
Pericardial effusion is the buildup of excessive, abnormal fluid in the double-layered, saclike structure around the heart, that can put pressure on the heart, affecting how the heart works.
If untreated, it may lead to heart failure or death in extreme cases.
Common Symptoms
The condition may not cause any noticeable signs and symptoms, particularly if the fluid has increased slowly.
But later, the symptoms might include:
- Dyspnoea – Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Discomfort or pressure when breathing specially while lying down
- Chest pain, usually behind the breastbone or on the left side of the chest
- Chest fullness
- Light-headedness, syncope
- Palpitations
- Cough
- Hoarseness
- Anxiety and confusion
- Hiccoughs
- Oedema – swelling in the abdomen or legs
Possible Causes or Risk Factors
Sometimes the cause can’t be determined, but
- Chest trauma
- Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury.
- Large effusions may be caused by certain cancers of heart.
- Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium.
- Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
- Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart region was in the radiation
- Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured
- Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
- Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins
- Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections
- Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uraemia)
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